Strategic pathways for integration of the parasitoid Necremnus tutae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the sustainable management of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Western Balkans: evidence, gaps and regional perspectives

Abstract

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick, 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) remains one of the most destructive pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants worldwide, with severe economic impact across Europe and the Mediterranean. Its high reproductive capacity, rapid adaptability, and insecticide resistance have highlighted the need for sustainable control alternatives. The Mediterranean parasitoid Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo, 2015 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has emerged as a key biological control agent, combining parasitism and host-feeding to significantly reduce T. absoluta larval populations. This paper synthesizes current knowledge (2010–2024) on the biology, ecology, and control efficacy of N. tutae, and evaluates its integration potential within existing integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks. Eight strategic actions were identified and condensed into a five-step framework that links research, field implementation, and policy adaptation. This approach emphasizes monitoring, rearing capacity, habitat enhancement, multispecies IPM integration, and regional policy cooperation. Alignment of these steps with the Western Balkans Green Agenda, EU environmental acquis, and UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 12, 13, 15, and 17) positions N. tutae as a cornerstone of the region’s transition toward ecologically resilient, pesticide-reduced tomato production systems.