Macrophage polarization and infectious diseases

Abstract

Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population present in most mammalian tissues with a wide range of functions. They are an essential component of optimal tissue homeostasis and an essential first line of defense against pathogens. Activated macrophages are typically divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages, which are influenced by microorganisms, the tissue microenvironment, and cytokine signals from physiological conditions to infections. The management of macrophage polarity is crucial for the prevention and treatment of infections and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we will evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding macrophage polarity and discuss how pathogens exploit macrophage phenotypes for efficient replication and disease progression.